Dhangu-Djangu language

Australian Aboriginal language

Dhangu
Djangu
Native to	Australia
Region	Northern Territory
Ethnicity	Dhaŋu, Djaŋu
Native speakers	310 (2016 census)^[1]
Language family	Pama–Nyungan Yolngu Matha Northern (Dhangu) Dhangu
Dialects	Wan.gurri Lamamirri Rirratjingu Gaalpu Ngayimil Warramiri Mandatja
Signed forms	Yolŋu Sign Language
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`dhg`
Glottolog	`dhan1270`
AIATSIS^[2]	`N192` Dhangu, `N202` Djangu
ELP	Dhangu-Djangu

Dhangu (Dhaŋu, Dangu) and Djangu (Djaŋu) constitute an Australian Aboriginal language of the Yolŋu group, spoken by the Dhaŋu and Djaŋu people in Australia's Northern Territory. The varieties of the two moieties of Dhangu are (a) Wan.gurri, Lamamirri and (b) Rirratjingu, Gaalpu, Ngayimil. There are two other Djangu (Djaŋu) dialects, Warramiri and Mandatja; dhangu and djangu are the words for "this" in the various dialects. Nhangu is a closely related language.^[3]

Phonology

Consonants

		Peripheral		Laminal		Apical		Glottal
		Labial	Velar	Dental	Palatal	Alveolar	Retroflex	Glottal
Plosive	Fortis	p	k	t̪	c	t	ʈ	ʔ
Plosive	Lenis	b	g	d̪	ɟ	d	ɖ	ʔ
Nasal		m	ŋ	n̪	ɲ	n	ɳ
Rhotic						ɾ	(ɽ)
Lateral						l	ɭ
Glide		w			j		ɻ

/ɖ/ may also be heard as a tap [ɽ] in intervocalic positions.^[4]
The tap /ɾ/ may also be heard as a trill [r].

Vowels

	Front	Back
High	i iː	u uː
Low	a aː

A long vowel /uː/ may also be heard as [oː].^[5]

References

^ "Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)". stat.data.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
^ N192 Dhangu at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (see the info box for additional links)
^ Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press. p. xxxvi.
^ MacLellan, Marilyn (1992). A study of the Wangurri language. University of Sydney.
^ McLellan, Marilyn (2014). Djaŋu (Warramirri) Dictionary. Aboriginal Resource and Development Services Inc.

Pama–Nyungan languages

Paman languages

North	Adithinngithigh Andjingith Anguthimri Arritinngithigh Awngthim Luthigh Mbiywom Ndrangith Ngkoth Uradhi
Northeast	Umpila
Wik	Ayabadhu Kugu-Muminh Pakanha Wik-Me'nh Wik-Mungkan Wik-Ngathan Wik-Ompom
Lamalamic	Lamalama Morrobolam
Yalanjic	Barrow Point Gugu Yalandyi Guugu Yimidhirr
Southwest	Koko-Bera Kok Thawa Kunjen Ogh-Undjan Kuuk Thaayorre Kuuk Yak Yir-Yoront
Norman	Kurtjar Kuthant
Thaypan	Alungul Angkula Aghu Tharrnggala Ikarranggal Takalak Thaypan
Southern	Agwamin Mbara-Yanga Mbabaram Walangama
Other	Djabugay Flinders Island Gugadj Kok Narr Mbariman-Gudhinma Umbindhamu

Eastern Pama–Nyungan

Dyirbalic	Dyirbal Nyawaygi Warrgamay Wulguru
Maric	Bidjara Biri Kingkel Warrongo
Waka–Kabic	Barunggam Dappil Gabi-Gabi Gureng Gureng Wakawaka Wuliwuli
Durubalic	Guwar Janday Nunukul Turrbal
Gumbaynggiric	Kumbainggar Yaygir
Wiradhuric	Gamilaraay Ngiyambaa Wiradjuri
Yuin–Kuric	Awabakal Darkinjung Dharug Dhanggati Ngarigo Ngunnawal Tharawal Wormi
Gippsland	Dhudhuroa Gunaikurnai Pallanganmiddang
Other	Anewan Bandjalang Kalaw Lagaw Ya Yidiny

Southern Pama–Nyungan

Yotayotic

Kulinic

Kolakngat

Kulin	Bunurong Dja Dja Wurrung Ledji-Ledji Madhi-Madhi Wadi-Wadi Wathaurong Wemba Wemba Woiwurrung–Taungurung
Drual	Bungandidj Dhauwurd Wurrung Kuurn Kopan Noot

Kartu	Badimaya Malgana Nhanda Wajarri Yinggarda
Kanyara–Mantharta	Kanyara Mantharta
Ngayarta	Jurruru Kurrama Martuthunira Ngarla Ngarluma-Kariyarra Nhuwala Nyamal Nyiyaparli Panyjima Yindjibarndi Yinhawangka
Marrngu	Karajarri Mangala Nyangumarta

Northern Pama–Nyungan

Ngumpin–Yapa	Ngarrga Ngumbin
Warumungu	Warumungu
Warluwaric	Wagaya Bularnu Yindjilandji Warluwarra Yanyuwa
Kalkatungic	Kalkatungu Yalarnnga
Mayi	Mayi-Kulan Mayi-Kutuna Ngawun

Central Pama–Nyungan

Wati	Ngardi Wanman Western Desert
Arandic	Arrernte Kaytetye Lower Arrernte
Karnic	Arabana Diyari Mithaka Ngamini Yarluyandi Ngura Pitta Pitta Wanggamala Wangka-Yutjurru Wilson River Bundhamara new Wangkumara/Garlali Yandruwandha
Other	Baagandji Bulloo River old Wangkumara/Garlali Muruwari Yardli

Other Pama–Nyungan

Yolŋu	Dhaŋu Dhuwal Djaŋu Djinba Djinaŋ Ritharrŋu Nhaŋu
Other	Barranbinja Lower Burdekin

Macro-Pama–Nyungan?

Macro-Gunwinyguan?

Maningrida	Burarra Ndjébbana Gurr-goni Nakkara
Mangarrayi-Marran	Alawa Mangarrayi Marra Warndarrang Yugul
Gunwinyguan	Jawoyn Uwinymil Waray Kunwinjku Dalabon Kunbarlang Ngalakgan Rembarrnga Ngandi Nunggubuyu Anindilyakwa
Other	Gaagudju Kungarakany Wardaman Wagiman