Longyan dialect
Dialect of Hokkien
| Longyan | |
|---|---|
| 龙岩话 / 龍巖話 Lóngyánhuà / Liong11lã11guɛ334 | |
| Native to | China |
| Region | Fujian Province |
Native speakers | much less than the 840,000 residents of Xinluo District (2021)[1] |
Language family | Sino-Tibetan
|
Early forms | Proto-Sino-Tibetan
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | (lnx is proposed[5]) |
| Glottolog | zhan1240 Zhangping-Longyan |
| Linguasphere | 79-AAA-jei /-jej |
 Distribution of Min Nan dialects. Longyan Min is in yellow. | |
The Longyan dialect (simplified Chinese: 龙岩话; traditional Chinese: 龍巖話; pinyin: Lóngyánhuà), also known as Longyan Minnan (simplified Chinese: 龙岩闽南语; traditional Chinese: 龍巖閩南語; pinyin: Lóngyán Mǐnnányǔ) or Liong11lã11guɛ334, is a dialect of Hokkien spoken in the urban city area of Eastern Longyan in the province of Fujian, China, while Hakka is spoken in rural villages of Western Longyan. The Longyan Min people had settled in the region from southern Fujian Province as early as the Tang dynasty (618–907). Due to its close proximity to rural Hakka villages, Longyan Min has some influence from Hakka albeit to a limited extent. The Longyan dialect has a limited degree of intelligibility with other Southern Min dialects. Today, Longyan Minnan is predominantly spoken in Longyan's urban district Xinluo District while Zhangzhou Minnan is spoken in Zhangping City excluding Chishui and Shuangyang towns where Longyan Minnan is spoken. Hakka on the other hand is spoken in the non-urban rest of the rural areas of Longyan prefecture: Changting County, Liancheng County, Shanghang County, Wuping County, and Yongding District.[6]
Branner suggests that the Xinluo and Zhangping dialects should be grouped with the Datian dialect as a coastal Min group separate from both Southern Min and Eastern Min.[7] However, he argues that the dialect of Wan'an township, in the northern part of Xinluo district, is a coastal Min variety separate from all of these.[8]
Phonology
The Longyan dialect has 14 initials, 65 rimes, and 8 tones.
Initials
p, pʰ, m, b, pʰ, t, tʰ, n, l, ts, tsʰ, s, k, kʰ, ŋ, h.
Rimes
ue, ɛ, iɛ, uɛ, ai, uai, au, iau
m, im, am, iam, iep, ap, iap
in, un, an, ian, uan
it, at, iat, uat, uot, ŋ
aŋ, iaŋ, uaŋ, oŋ, ioŋ, ak, iak, uak, ok, iok
ĩ, ũ, ũi, ã, iã, uã, iuã, iãt, õ, iõ, ɛ̃, iɛ̃, uɛ̃, ãi, ãu, iãu.
Tones
| No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tones | dark level 陰平 | light level 陽平 | dark rising 陰上 | light rising 陽上 | dark departing 陰去 | light departing 陽去 | dark entering 陰入 | light entering 陽入 |
| Tone contour | ˧˧˦ (334) | ˩ (11) | ˨˩ (21) | ˥˨ (52) | ˨˩˧ (213) | ˥ (55) | ˥ (5) | ˧˨ (32) |
| Example Hanzi | 邊 | 寒 | 碗 | 近 | 漢 | 尺 | 曲 | 白 |
Tone sandhi
The Longyan dialect has extremely extensive tone sandhi rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules.
The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below (the rows give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the columns give the citation tone of the second syllable):
| dark level, 334 | light level, 11 | dark rising, 21 | light rising, 52 | dark departing, 213 | light departing, 55 | dark entering, 5 | light entering, 32 | |
| dark level, 334 | remain unchanged | |||||||
| light level, 11 | remain unchanged | |||||||
| dark rising, 21 | remain unchanged | dark departing, 213 | remain unchanged | |||||
| light rising, 52 | light level, 11 | |||||||
| dark departing, 213 | dark rising, 21 | remain unchanged | dark rising, 21 | |||||
| light departing, 55 | dark level, 334 | remain unchanged | dark level, 334 | |||||
| dark entering, 5 | dark level, 334 | remain unchanged | dark level, 334 | |||||
| light entering, 32 | dark rising, 21 | |||||||
Notes
References
- ^ "Reclassifying ISO 639-3 [nan]: An Empirical Approach to Mutual Intelligibility and Ethnolinguistic Distinctions" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-19.
- ^ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
- ^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- ^ "Change Request Documentation: 2021-045". 31 August 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- ^ Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Li, Rong; Baumann, Theo; Lee, Mei W. (1987). Language Atlas of China. Longman. ISBN 978-962-359-085-3.
- ^ Branner, David Prager (1999). "The Classification of Longyan" (PDF). In Simmons, Richard VanNess (ed.). Issues in Chinese Dialect Description and Classification. Journal of Chinese Linguistics monograph series. Vol. 15. pp. 36–83. p. 78.
- ^ Branner, David Prager (2000). Problems in Comparative Chinese Dialectology — the Classification of Miin and Hakka (PDF). Trends in Linguistics series. Vol. 123. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-015831-1.
Further reading
- Compilation Commission of Chorography of Longyan City 龙岩市地方志编纂委员会 (1993). Longyan Shi zhi 龙岩市志 ["Chorography of Longyan City"]. Vol. 36. Beijing: Zhongguo kexue jishu chubanshe 中国科学技术出版社 ["China Science and Technology Press"]. ISBN 978-7-5046-1575-6. Archived from the original on 2016-04-02.
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Sino-Tibetan branches
(Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim)
| Greater Magaric |
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(Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal)
| "Naga" | |
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| Sal |
| Burmo-Qiangic |
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(Arunachal)
| Greater Siangic |
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Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
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