List of primates of Colombia

The primates of Colombia include 41 extant species in 13 genera and five families.^[1][2][3][4] Additionally, 12 fossil species in 10 genera and five families have been identified in Colombia, mainly at the La Venta Lagerstätte of the Honda Group, mostly from the so-called "Monkey Unit", "Monkey Beds" or "Monkey Locality",^[5] the richest site for fossil primates in South America.^[6] As of 2013, of the 30 fossil primate species found in South America dating to the Late Oligocene (26 Ma) to the Pleistocene, twelve are described from the Honda Group. The genera Branisella, Caipora, Carlocebus, Chilecebus, Dolichocebus, Homunculus, Killikaike, Mazzonicebus, Proteropithecia, Protopithecus, Soriacebus, Szalatavus and Tremacebus have been discovered in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador and Peru and are not known from Colombia. Additionally, Antillothrix, Insulacebus (both Hispaniola), Paralouatta (Cuba) and Xenothrix (Jamaica) were restricted to the Caribbean.^[7] The discovery of Perupithecus, described in 2015 from the Late Eocene (35-36 Ma) Santa Rosa fauna in the Yahuarango Formation of the Peruvian Amazon, pushes back the evolutionary lineage of New World primates.^[8]

Extant primates

Common name	Scientific name	Image	Distribution & habitat	Range map	Remarks	Notes
Aotidae - night monkeys
Brumback's night monkey	Aotus brumbacki		Orinoco region		ssp. of A. lemurinus ?; Vulnerable	[2]
Gray-bellied night monkey	Aotus lemurinus		Tropical Andes		Vulnerable	[2]
Gray-handed night monkey	Aotus griseimembra		Northern Colombia east of Sinú River		ssp. of A. lemurinus ?; Vulnerable	[2]
Hernández-Camacho's night monkey	Aotus jorgehernandezi		West slope of Central Andes (Quindío, Risaralda)		Tatamá (West Andes) ?	[9]
Panamanian night monkey	Aotus zonalis		Chocó lowlands		ssp. of A. lemurinus ?	[2]
Spix's night monkey	Aotus vociferans		Amazon region			[2]
Atelidae - howler, spider, and wooly monkeys
Black-headed spider monkey	Ateles fusciceps		West slope of West Andes, Pacific lowlands		Critically endangered	[1]
Brown spider monkey	Ateles hybridus		Magdalena Valley, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Serranía del Perijá		Critically endangered	[1]
Brown woolly monkey	Lagothrix lagotricha		Amazon region		Vulnerable	[2]
Colombian woolly monkey	Lagothrix lugens		East Andes foothills, Serranía de la Macarena, Magdalena Valley, Serranía de San Lucas		Critically endangered; Endemic ?	[1][10]
Geoffroy's spider monkey	Ateles geoffroyi		Possibly extreme northern Chocó to Baudó Mountains		Endangered	[1]
Juruá red howler	Alouatta juara		Amazon region		may be subspecies of A. seniculus	[11]
Mantled howler	Alouatta palliata		Pacific lowlands, western Caribbean lowlands			[2]
Ursine howler	Alouatta arctoidea		Northern Orinoco region		may be subspecies of A. seniculus	[12]
Venezuelan red howler	Alouatta seniculus		Throughout except Pacific & La Guajira			[2]
White-bellied spider monkey	Ateles belzebuth		Parts of Amazon region, Serranía de la Macarena, foothills of East Andes		Endangered	[1]
Callitrichidae - marmosets & tamarins
Black-mantled tamarin	Saguinus nigricollis		Amazon region			[3]
Brown-mantled tamarin	Saguinus fuscicollis		Amazon region		Sympatric with pygmy marmoset	[3]
Cotton-top tamarin	Saguinus oedipus		Caribbean region, PNN Tayrona		Critically endangered; Endemic	[1]
Geoffroy's tamarin	Saguinus geoffroyi		Chocó lowlands and foothill forest			[3]
Goeldi's marmoset	Callimico goeldii		Amazon region		Vulnerable	[2]
Graells's tamarin	Saguinus graellsi		Amazon region		ssp. of S. nigricollis ?; Near threatened	[3]
Mottle-faced tamarin	Saguinus inustus		Amazon region			[3]
Pygmy marmoset	Cebuella pygmaea		Amazon region			[2]
White-footed tamarin	Saguinus leucopus		Northern Colombia; dry and humid forest		Allopatry from S. oedipus; Endangered; Endemic	[1]
Cebidae - capuchins & squirrel monkeys
Colombian white-faced capuchin	Cebus capucinus		Pacific lowlands, Gorgona Island		Map shows combined range of Colombian and Panamanian white-faced capuchins; Colombian white-faced capuchin range shown in red	[3][13]
Common squirrel monkey	Saimiri sciureus		Amazon region		Subsequent taxonomic research restricts S. sciureus to Brazil and the Guianas; replaced in Colombia by S. cassiquiarensis	[2][14]
Humboldt's squirrel monkey	Saimiri cassiquiarensis		Amazon region			[14]
Large-headed capuchin	Sapajus macrocephalus		Amazon region		may be ssp. of S. apella	[15]
Marañón white-fronted capuchin	Cebus yuracus		Southern Colombia			[13]
Río Cesar white-fronted capuchin	Cebus cesarae		Río Cesar valley		Endemic	[16][13]
Santa Marta white-fronted capuchin	Cebus malitiosus		Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta		Endangered; Endemic	[17]
Sierra de Perijá white-fronted capuchin	Cebus leucocephalus		Northern Colombia			[13]
Tufted capuchin	Cebus apella		Amazon region, Orinoco region			[3]
Varied white-fronted capuchin	Cebus versicolor		Río Magdalena Valley		Endangered; Endemic	[13][18]
Humboldt's white-fronted capuchin	Cebus albifrons		Amazon region		Several white-fronted capuchin species were formerly considered subspecies of C. albifrons	[1][2][3][13]
Pitheciidae - titis, sakis & uakaris
Black titi	Callicebus lugens		Orinoco & Amazon lowlands, between Caquetá & Tomo Rivers			[2]
Caquetá titi	Callicebus caquetensis		Caquetá		Critically endangered; Endemic geographic range of just about 100 km2 (39 sq mi), actually occupies only about 10 km2 (3.9 sq mi) within that range	[1][19]
Collared titi	Callicebus torquatus		Amazon region			[2]
Colombian black-handed titi	Callicebus medemi		Amazon region, between Caquetá & Putumayo Rivers		Vulnerable; Endemic	[2]
Golden-backed uakari	Cacajao melanocephalus		Between Caquetá & Guaviare Rivers, to Serranía de la Macarena			[2]
Lucifer titi	Callicebus lucifer		Amazon region, between Caquetá & Putumayo Rivers			[2]
Monk saki	Pithecia monachus		Amazon region, south of Caquetá River			[1][3]
Ornate titi	Callicebus ornatus		East Andean foothills to Serranía de la Macarena		Vulnerable; Endemic	[2]
White-tailed titi	Callicebus discolor		Amazon region		Vulnerable	[2]

Fossil primates

See also

• List of Central American monkey species
• List of mammals of Colombia
• Biodiversity of Colombia
• Fauna of Colombia

References

Bibliography

• Bond, Mariano; Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Campbell Jr., Kenneth E.; Chornogubsky, Laura; Novo, Nelson; Goin, Francisco (2015), "Eocene primates of South America and the African origins of New World monkeys", Nature, 520 (7548): 538–546, Bibcode:2015Natur.520..538B, doi:10.1038/nature14120, hdl:11336/79088, PMID 25652825, S2CID 4456556
• Croft, Darin A (2007), "The Middle Miocene (Laventan) Quebrada Honda Fauna, southern Bolivia and a description of its Notoungulates", Palaeontology, 50: 277–303, doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00610.x
• Defler, Thomas (2004), Historia natural de los primates colombianos (PDF), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, pp. 1–613, retrieved 2017-09-24
• Kay, Richard F (1994), ""Giant" tamarin from the Miocene of Colombia", Physical Anthropology, 95 (3): 333–353, doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330950305, PMID 7856767
• Meldrum, D.J.; Kay, R.F. (1997), "Nuciruptor rubricae, a new pitheciin seed predator from the Miocene of Colombia", American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 102 (3): 407–427, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199703)102:3<407::AID-AJPA8>3.0.CO;2-R, PMID 9098507, retrieved 2017-09-24
• Organ, Jason M.; Lemelin, Pierre (2011), "Tail Architecture and Function of Cebupithecia sarmientoi, a Middle Miocene Platyrrhine from La Venta, Colombia", The Anatomical Record, 294 (12): 2013–2023, doi:10.1002/ar.21504, PMID 22042718
• Rosenberger, Alfred L.; Hartwig, Walter Carl (2001), "New World Monkeys" (PDF), Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, _: 1–4, retrieved 2017-09-24
• Rosenberger, A.L.; Setoguchi, T.; Hartwig, W.C. (1991), "Laventiana annectens, new genus and species: fossil evidence for the origins of callitrichine New World monkeys", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 88 (6): 2137–2140, Bibcode:1991PNAS...88.2137R, doi:10.1073/pnas.88.6.2137, PMC 51184, PMID 1900937
• Setoguchi, Takeshi; Rosenberger, Alfred L. (1988), "A fossil owl monkey from La Venta, Colombia" (PDF), Kyoto University Overseas Research Reports of New World Monkeys, 6 (6114): 1–6, Bibcode:1987Natur.326..692S, doi:10.1038/326692a0, hdl:2433/199638, PMID 3561511, S2CID 1420818, retrieved 2017-09-24
• Setoguchi, T (1985), "Kondous laventicus, a new ceboid primate from the Miocene of the La Venta, Colombia, South America", Folia Primatol, 44 (2): 96–101, doi:10.1159/000156200, PMID 4043876
• Takai, Masanaru; Anaya, Federico; Suzuki, Hisashi; Shigehara, Nobuo; Setoguchi, Takeshi (2001), "A New Platyrrhine from the Middle Miocene of La Venta, Colombia, and the Phyletic Position of Callicebinae", Anthropological Science, 109 (4): 289–307, doi:10.1537/ase.109.289, retrieved 2017-09-24
• Tejedor, Marcelo F (2013), "Sistemática, evolución y paleobiogeografía de los primates Platyrrhini" (PDF), Revista del Museo de La Plata, 20: 20–39, retrieved 2017-09-24
• Wheeler, Brandon (2010), "Community ecology of the Middle Miocene primates of La Venta, Colombia: the relationship between ecological diversity, divergence time, and phylogenetic richness" (PDF), Primates, 51 (2): 131–138, doi:10.1007/s10329-009-0181-y, PMID 20037832, S2CID 2232287

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Biodiversity of Colombia

General biota

Vertebrates	Birds Endemic Mammals Primates Reptiles Lizards Snakes
Other	Butterflies Non-marine molluscs Flora

Regional biota

• Altiplano Cundiboyacense
• Eastern Hills, Bogotá
• Invasive (Hippopotamus)
• Magdalena River

Ecoregions

Tumbes Chocó Magdalena	Chocó–Darién moist forests Eastern Panamanian montane forests Esmeraldas–Pacific Colombia mangroves Magdalena Valley montane forests Magdalena–Urabá moist forests Panama Bight Western Ecuador moist forests
Tropical Andes	Bogotá savanna Cauca Valley dry forests Cauca Valley montane forests Cocora Valley Cordillera Oriental montane forests Eastern Cordillera Real montane forests Magdalena Valley dry forests Northern Andean páramo Northwestern Andean montane forests Patía Valley dry forests Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Santa Marta montane forests Santa Marta páramo Sumapaz Páramo
Other	Amazon–Orinoco–Southern Caribbean mangroves Campinarana Caquetá moist forests Catatumbo moist forests Guajira–Barranquilla xeric scrub Japurá–Solimões–Negro moist forests Napo moist forests Negro–Branco moist forests Sinú Valley dry forests

Nature reserves

• Arví Park
• Azufral
• Bahía Portete–Kaurrele
• Cerulean Warbler
• Chamicero de Perijá
• Colibri del Sol
• Laguna de Sonso
• Thomas van der Hammen

Organizations

• Alexander von Humboldt
• Fundación ProAves
• John von Neumann
• PNN
• Proyecto Tití
• SINAP
• Sinchi

• Portal
• Natural hazards
• Natural regions
• Protected areas