In chess, en passant (French:[ɑ̃pasɑ̃], lit. "in passing") describes the capture by a pawn of an enemy pawn on the same rank and an adjacent file that has just made an initial two-square advance.[2][3] This is an exception or special case in the rules of chess. The capturing pawn moves to the square that the enemy pawn passed over, as if the enemy pawn had advanced only one square. The rule ensures that a pawn cannot use its two-square move to safely skip past an enemy pawn.
Capturing en passant is permitted only on the turn immediately after the two-square advance; it cannot be done on a later turn.[4] The capturing move is sometimes notated by appending the abbreviation e.p.
This article uses algebraic notation to describe chess moves.
Rules
Animation of an en passant capture
The conditions for a pawn to capture an enemy pawn en passant are as follows:
the capturing pawn attacks the square that the enemy pawn passed over.
If these conditions are met, the capturing pawn can move diagonally forward to the square that the enemy pawn passed, capturing the enemy pawn as if it had moved only one square. If the right to capture en passant is not exercised immediately, it is lost. Making the capture is optional, unless there is no other legal move.
Example of an en passant capture
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The black pawn is on its initial square. If it moves to f6 (marked by ×), the white pawn can capture it.
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Black moves their pawn forward two squares in a single move from f7 to f5, "passing" f6.
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White captures the black pawn en passant, as if it had moved only one square to f6.
Only pawns may capture or be captured en passant.[5] The en passant capture is the only capturing move in chess where the capturing piece moves to a square not occupied by the captured piece.[6]: 463
Notation
In algebraic notation, an en passant capture is notated using the capturing pawn's destination square. In both algebraic and descriptive notation, the move may optionally be denoted by appending "e.p." or similar. For example, in algebraic notation, bxa3 or bxa3 e.p. may be used to represent a black pawn on b4 capturing a white pawn on a4 en passant.[7]: 216
Examples
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Black just played 5...d7-d5. White's e5-pawn can capture en passant.
Some chess openings feature the en passant capture. In the following line from Petrov's Defence, White captures the pawn on d5 en passant on move 6:
An en passant capture can occur as early as move 3. For example, in the French Defence after 1.e4 e6 2.e5 d5, White can play 3.exd6 e.p. (diagram). This has occurred in play, for example in the game Steinitz–Fleissig, Vienna 1882.[9]
An example of overlooking an en passant capture
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Black to move. Here 1...g5+? loses to an en passant capture checkmate.
In the diagram, the move 1...g5+ may seem to checkmate White, but it is in fact a blunder: White can counter this check with the en passant capture 2.fxg6 e.p.#, which cross-checks and checkmates Black. (Black can draw in the diagrammed position by playing 1...Qxf2+.)
Gundersen vs. Faul, 1928
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Position after 12...f7-f5
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After 14...g7-g5, White mates by capturing the pawn en passant.
In a game between Gunnar Gundersen and Albert H. Faul,[10] Black played 12...f7-f5. White could have captured the black f-pawn en passant with his e-pawn, but he instead played:
13. h5+ Kh6 14. Nxe6+
The bishop on c1 effects a discovered check. 14...Kh7 results in 15.Qxg7#.
14... g5 15. hxg6 e.p.#
The en passant capture places Black in double check and checkmate (in fact, White's bishop is not necessary for the mate). An en passant capture is the only way a double check can be delivered without one of the checking pieces moving, as in this case.
The largest known number of en passant captures in one game is three. This record is shared by three games; in none of them were all three captures by the same player. The earliest known example is a 1980 game between Alexandru Segal and Karl-Heinz Podzielny.[11]: 98–99 [12]
History
In early versions of chess, the pawn could not advance two squares on its first move. The two-square advance was introduced later, between the 13th and 16th centuries, to speed up games.[13]
The en passant capture was one of the last major additions to European chess.[a][14]: 16 In some parts of Europe, particularly in Italy, there was no such rule; this was known as passar battaglia. In 1880, Italy adopted the rules used by the rest of the world, including the en passant capture, in preparation for the 1881 Milan tournament.[8]: 124–125
Draw by repetition and stalemate
In the context of threefold and fivefold repetition, two positions are considered different if the opportunity to perform a given en passant capture exists in one position but not the other.[15]: 27
When a player is not in check, and capturing en passant is their only legal move, they are forbidden to "claim" a draw by stalemate; they must either perform the move or end the game on their turn via normal means. In his book on chess organization and rules, International Arbiter Kenneth Harkness wrote that people frequently asked if this is the case.[16]: 49 Chess players debated this point in the 19th century, with some arguing that the right to capture en passant is a "privilege" that one cannot be compelled to exercise. In his 1860 book Chess Praxis, Howard Staunton wrote that the en passant capture is mandatory in such a position; the rules of chess were amended to make this clear.[11][16]: 49
Chess problems
The en passant capture is often used as a theme in chess problems. According to Kenneth S. Howard, "En passant pawn captures frequently produce striking effects in the opening and closing of lines, both for white and black."[17]: 106 By retrograde analysis convention, a pawn may be captured en passant only if it can be proven to have advanced two squares on the previous move.
Kenneth S. Howard, 1938
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White to play and mate in three
In the diagrammed 1938 composition by Howard, the key
introduces the threat 2.d5+ cxd5 3.Bxd5#. Black can capture the d4-pawn en passant in either of two ways:
1... exd3 e.p.
shifting the e4-pawn from the e- to the d-file, preventing an en passant capture after White plays 2.f4. To stop the threat of 3.f5#, Black can advance 2...f5, but this allows White to play 3.exf6 e.p.# due to the decisive opening of the e-file.
Or Black can play
1... cxd3 e.p.
and now White exploits the newly opened a2–g8 diagonal with 2.Qa2+ d5 3.cxd6 e.p.#.
O. Sommerfeldt, 1902
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White to play and mate in two
The diagrammed composition by Sommerfeldt[18] shows the effect of pins on en passant captures.
The key
1. d4!
threatens 2.Qf2#. The moves of the black e-pawn are restricted in an unusual manner. The en passant capture 1...exd3 e.p.+ is illegal (it exposes Black’s king to check), but
1... e3+
is legal. This, however, removes the black king's access to e3, allowing
^Whyld, Kenneth (1993). Learn Chess in a Weekend. Knopf/DK. p. 39. ISBN 9780679422297.
^Burgess, Graham (2000), The Mammoth Book of Chess (2nd ed.), New York: Carroll & Graf, ISBN 978-0-7867-0725-6
^ abGolombek, Harry (1977), "en passant, capture", Golombek's Encyclopedia of Chess, Crown Publishing, ISBN 0-517-53146-1
^ abHooper & Whyld (1996), pp. 124–25. en passant.
^"Steinitz vs. Fleissig, Vienna 1882". Chessgames.com. Archived from the original on 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2016-04-26.
^"Gundersen vs. Faul, Melbourne 1928". Chessgames.com. Archived from the original on 2010-12-09. Retrieved 2009-06-12.
^ abWinter, Edward (1999). "Stalemate". Chesshistory.com. Archived from the original on 2019-12-17. Retrieved 2009-06-12.
^"A. Segal vs. K. Podzielny, Dortmund 1980". 365Chess.com. Archived from the original on 2021-02-17. Retrieved 2009-12-05.
^"The Evolution of Modern Chess Rules: En Passant". US Chess.org. 2021-06-03. Retrieved 2023-11-09.
^ abDavidson, Henry (1949), A Short History of Chess (1981 paperback ed.), McKay, ISBN 0-679-14550-8
^Schiller, Eric (2003), Official Rules of Chess (2nd ed.), Cardoza, ISBN 978-1-58042-092-1
^ abHarkness, Kenneth (1967), Official Chess Handbook, McKay, ISBN 1-114-15703-1
^Howard, Kenneth S. (1961), How to Solve Chess Problems (2nd ed.), Dover, ISBN 978-0-486-20748-3, archived from the original on 2023-04-06, retrieved 2009-11-30
^Open chess diary Archived 2015-03-18 at the Wayback Machine by Tim Krabbé – #234
