East Chadic languages

Afro-Asiatic language branch
East Chadic
Geographic
distribution		southern Chad and northern Cameroon
Linguistic classificationAfro-Asiatic
  • Chadic
    • East Chadic
Subdivisions
  • East Chadic A
  • East Chadic B
Glottologeast2632
East Chadic per Newman (1977)

The three dozen East Chadic languages of the Chadic family are spoken in Chad and Cameroon.[1]

Speakers of various East Chadic languages are locally known as Hadjarai peoples.[2][3] The largest East Chadic language is Nancere.[4]

Languages

The branches of East Chadic go either by names or by letters and numbers in an outline format.[5]

The East Chadic B classification follows that of Lovestrand (2012).

Peust (2018), however, has a somewhat different phylogenetic classification for East Chadic.[4] The most striking change is the repositioning of Mokilko (B.2) from East Chadic B to East Chadic A, where it now constitutes the first branch to separate, followed by Lele-Nancere (A.2.1). Within East Chadic B, he treats the Mubi group (B.1.2) as the first primary branching, with all the rest forming a subgroup divided between Dangla (B.1.1) in the north and Barain plus Sokoro (B.3 and B.4) in the south.

East Chadic A is distributed primarily in Tandjilé and neighbouring regions. East Chadic B is distributed primarily in Guéra and neighbouring regions.[10]

Numerals

Comparison of numerals in individual languages:[11]

Classification Language 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A, A.1 Somrai mə́n sə́r súbù wōdə̄ jì kubì wúrɡə́ súbù (4 + 3) ? də̀ná sə́r (10–2) də̀ná mə́n (10–1) mwàtʃ
A, A.1 Tumak mə̀n hɛ̀ sùb wōrī ùsì ùɡì ɗáksùb wāwār (2 x 4) ? bìsāmə̄n (10–1) ? kwàr
A, A.2 Gabri pɔ̀n wɔ̄ sùbū pɔ́rbú bày jī jūrɡú mārɡə́ tə́nɡɛ̄sə́ mɔ̀tʃ
A, A.2, 1 Kimré pɔn wɔ subu pɔrbu bai dʒi dʒurɡəm marɡə diŋɡɛsə mwɔdʒ
A, A.2, 1 Lele pínà sò súbà pórìŋ bày ménèŋ mátòlíŋ juruɡù célà ɡoro
A, A.2, 1 Nancere pə̀nà sùwœ̀ sàb pə̄rí bày mə̀nə̀ màtàl pə̄rpə̄ndə̄ tʃélə̄ ɡùwàrə̀
A, A.3 Kera mə́ná ɓásí sóópe wááɗe wííɗíw / suŋku mə́ná kə́nə́kí sééɗa ásəɡə̀n támbə̀là mánhòr / suŋku ɓásí
A, A.3 Kwang (Kwong) mɪn rai sɪpai wuɗai wiʔyɪm sɪdəəŋ bʊkʊr kauda bɪdaamna rukop
B, B.1, 1 Bidiya (Bidiyo) (1) ke siɗi subaŋ paɗaŋ beeyʼeŋ peŋkeyʼ (5 + 1) pisiɗaŋ (5 + 2) porpoɗ (2 x 4) peŋda orro
B, B.1, 1 Bidiyo (Bidiya) (2) keʔeŋ (masculine), kaɗya (feminine) siɗì subaŋ paaɗaŋ bèeʔeŋ pénkeʔ (5 + 1) píisit (5 + 2) porpoɗ (2 x 4) penda ɔ̀rrɔ̀
B, B.1, 1 Dangla (Dangaléat) ɾákkí sɛ́ɛrɔ́ súbbà pooɗí bɛɛɗyì bidyɡèɗy pɛ̀ɛ́sírà póɗpóɗ parkà ɔ̀rɔ̀kì
B, B.1, 1 Mawa (1) pəni ɾap sup paːt bij byaːpat (5 + 1) ? byamat patpat (2 x 4) kwapinikara (10–1) ? kwaːjan
B, B.1, 1 Mawa (2) pənni rap sup pat bii biaapan (5 + 1) ? biamat patpat (2 x 4) kuapinikara (10–1) ? kuayan
B, B.1, 1 Migama (1) káƴì séèrà súbbà póoɗí béeƴá bízɡíƴÍ pàysárà póppóɗí (2 x 4) párnàkáƴÍ (10–1) ʔórrò
B, B.1, 1 Migama (2) káɗyì séèrà súbbà póoɗí béeɗyá bízɡíɗyì pàysárà póppóɗí (2 x 4) pârnàkáɗyì (10 -1) ʔôrrò
B, B.1, 1 Mogum kɛ̀ (m), kā (f) sɛ̀ sup poot bey mik payse porpide barkɛt orrok
B, B.1, 1 Ubi piina muɗu suɓa poɗa bɛɛja bɛɛpɛne (5 + 1) bɛɛmuɗu (5 + 2) porpoɗa (2 x 4) kojpane (litː 'koj = hand') orok
B, B.1, 2 Mubi (1) fíní sìr súɓà fádà bíɗyà ìstàlà béesír fàrbàt férbínì kúrúk
B, B.1, 2 Mubi (2) fini sir suba fada bija istala besir farbad [farbat] ferbine kuruk
B, B.1, 2 Zerenkel pínné siirí sùbbà páɗɗá bíƴƴá istala bèèsiri paarpaɗì paarpinò kúrúkí
B, B.2 Mukulu sò(ò) / só(ó) sìré áɗó pìɗé páá(t) zóó(t) sárá(t) ɡéssírè ɡéssá(t) kòòmá(t)
B, B.3 Barein paniŋ sidi subu pudu dawsu dasumaniŋ (5 + 1) dasisidi (5 + 2) dasusubu (5 + 3) dasumpudu (5 + 4) kur
B, B.3 Sokoro kéttì / ker̃í móɗù súbà paʔáɗà biʔà bépini bémoɗù béʃíba bépʌɗʌ̀ ór̃kà

References

  1. ^ "Glottolog 4.7 – East Chadic". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2022-12-27.
  2. ^ Olson, James Stuart (1996). The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Greenwood Press. p. 213. ISBN 0-313-27918-7.
  3. ^ Chapelle, Jean (1981). Le Peuple Tchadien: ses racines et sa vie quotidienne (in French). L'Harmattan. pp. 178–179. ISBN 2-85802-169-4.
  4. ^ a b Peust, Carsten (2018). "The subgrouping of East Chadic". Folia Orientalia (55). doi:10.24425/for.2018.124686.
  5. ^ Blench, 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List (ms); Buso deleted as a separate branch per Hammarström (2015)
  6. ^ a b Languages in both the Nancere and Gabri branches go by the names of Kimre and Gabri. The two branches together are sometimes also called Gabri.
  7. ^ Lovestrand, Joseph (2012). "Classification and description of the Chadic languages of the Guéra (East Chadic B)" (PDF). SIL Electronic Working Papers 2012-004. SIL International.
  8. ^ Kujargé appears to have ties with the Mubi languages, but perhaps not genetic ones. Its classification is uncertain.
  9. ^ Previously classified as Dangla
  10. ^ Oxfam and Office National de Développement Rural (ONDR). 2016. Atlas de la vulnérabilité dans le Guera. Première partie: synthèse regional. 2nd edition (updated from 2013 edition). PASISAT (Projet d'Appui à l'Amélioration du Système d'Information sur la Sécurité Alimentaire au Tchad).
  11. ^ Chan, Eugene (2019). "The Afro-Asiatic Language Phylum". Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.
‹ The template below (East Chadic languages) is being considered for merging. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›
  • v
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East Chadic languages
East Chadic (A)
Sibine (A.1.1)
Miltu (A.1.2)
Nancere (A.2.1)
Gabri (A.2.2)
Kwang (A.3)
East Chadic (B)
Dangla (B.1.1)
Mubi (B.1.2)
Sokoro (B.3)
Barain (B.4)
Others
Italics indicate extinct languages. See also: Chadic languages
Authority control databases: National Edit this at Wikidata
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