American Civil Liberties Union v. Schundler

United States federal court case

American Civil Liberties Union of New Jersey v. Schundler

Court	United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
Full case name	The American Civil Liberties Union of New Jersey, on behalf of its members, Robert Lander, Adam Jacobs, Joel Solow and Ann Sorrel v. Bret Schundler, in his official capacity as Mayor of the City of Jersey City, New Jersey; The City Council of Jersey City, New Jersey; City of Jersey City, New Jersey
Argued	August 6, 1998
Decided	February 16, 1999
Citation(s)	168 F.3d 92
Case history
Prior history	Injunction granted, 931 F. Supp. 1180 (D.N.J. 1995); affirmed, 104 F.3d 1435 (1997).
Subsequent history	Cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1265 (June 9, 1997)
Court membership
Judge(s) sitting	Richard Lowell Nygaard, Samuel Alito, Marjorie O. Rendell
Case opinions
Majority	Alito, joined by Rendell
Dissent	Nygaard
Laws applied
U.S. Const. amend. I

American Civil Liberties Union of New Jersey v. Schundler, 168 F.3d 92 (3rd Cir. 1999),^[1] is a United States federal case establishing standards for a government-sponsored holiday display to contain religious symbols. It was decided by the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit on February 16, 1999.

Background

During the holiday season, Jersey City, New Jersey erected a nativity scene, a Christmas tree and a menorah on city property in front of City Hall.^[2] The scene included Mary, Joseph, Baby Jesus and the Three Wisemen.^[2] The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) asked the city to stop putting religious symbols on public property.^[2] Jersey City put up a sign next to the display that read "Through this display and others throughout the year, the City of Jersey City is pleased to celebrate the diverse cultural and ethnic heritages of its peoples."^[2] The ACLU filed a lawsuit saying that this display was unconstitutional because it violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.^[3] The Federal District Court of New Jersey ordered the city to stop erecting its holiday display.^[4]^[3] The City decided to appeal this ruling.^[3] The City also erected a modified holiday display with the original menorah, Christmas tree and nativity and the City added a Santa Claus, Frosty the Snowman, a sled, Kwanzaa symbols on the tree and two signs.^[3] The ACLU filed for contempt.^[3] After some back and forth with the Third Circuit Court of Appeals, the District Court ruled that the modified display did not violate the First Amendment.

Decision

The majority opinion of the court was written by Circuit Judge Samuel Alito. The Court used the test for the Establishment Clause from Lemon v. Kurtzman.^[5] This test looks at "whether a challenged government practice had a secular purpose, whether its principal or primary effect advanced or inhibited religion, and whether it created an excessive entanglement of the government with religion."^[5] The Court also relied on two prior Supreme Court cases Lynch v. Donnelly and County of Allegheny v. ACLU.^[6] The Court stated that "we are unable to perceive any meaningful constitutional distinction between the display at issue here and those that the Supreme Court upheld in Lynch and Allegheny County."^[7] "None of these displays conveyed a message of government endorsement of Christianity, Judaism, or of religion in general but instead 'sent a message of pluralism and freedom to choose one's own beliefs."^[8] The Court decided that the modified display did not violate the First Amendment.^[9]

References

^ American Civil Liberties Union v. Schundler, 168 F.3d 92 (3rd Cir. 1999).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Schundler, 168 F.3d at 95.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Schundler, 168 F.3d at 96.
^ American Civil Liberties Union v. Schundler, 931 F. Supp. 1180 (D.N.J. 1995).
^ ^a ^b Schundler, 168 F.3d at 97, citing Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602, 612 (1971).
^ Schundler, 168 F.3d at 99-101, citing Lynch v. Donnelly, 465 U.S. 668 (1984) and County of Allegheny v. ACLU, 492 U.S. 673 (1989).
^ Schundler, 168 F.3d at 108.
^ Schundler, 168 F.3d at 107, quoting Allegheny County, 492 U.S. at 633.
^ Schundler, 168 F.3d at 107.

External links

Works related to ACLU v. Schundler at Wikisource
Text of American Civil Liberties Union of New Jersey v. Schundler, 168 F.3d 92 (3rd Cir. 1999) is available from: CourtListener Findlaw Justia OpenJurist Google Scholar
"Court Decision-ACLU v. Schundler". About.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016.

United States First Amendment case law

Establishment Clause

Public displays and ceremonies	Marsh v. Chambers (1983) Lynch v. Donnelly (1984) Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary (1985) County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union (1989) Van Orden v. Perry (2005) McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union (2005) Pleasant Grove City v. Summum (2009) Salazar v. Buono (2010) Town of Greece v. Galloway (2014) American Legion v. American Humanist Association (2019)
Statutory religious exemptions	Walz v. Tax Comm'n of the City of New York (1970) California v. Grace Brethren Church (1982) Bob Jones University v. United States (1983) Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc. (1985) Corp. of Presiding Bishop v. Amos (1987) Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock (1989) City of Boerne v. Flores (1997) Cutter v. Wilkinson (2005)
Public funding	Cochran v. Board of Education (1930) Everson v. Board of Education (1947) Flast v. Cohen (1968) Board of Ed. of Central School Dist. No. 1 v. Allen (1968) Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) Tilton v. Richardson (1971) Lemon v. Kurtzman II (1973) Levitt v. Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty (1973) Hunt v. McNair (1973) Committee for Public Education v. Nyquist (1973) Sloan v. Lemon (1973) Wheeler v. Barrera (1974) Public Funds for Public Schools v. Marburger (1974) Meek v. Pittenger (1975) Roemer v. Board of Public Works of Maryland (1976) Wolman v. Walter (1977) New York v. Cathedral Academy (1977) Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Regan (1980) Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State (1982) Mueller v. Allen (1983) School Dist. of Grand Rapids v. Ball (1985) Aguilar v. Felton (1985) Witters v. Washington Department of Services for the Blind (1986) Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District (1993) Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet (1994) Agostini v. Felton (1997) Mitchell v. Helms (2000) Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002) Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn (2011) Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer (2017) Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue (2020) Carson v. Makin (2022)
Religion in public schools	McCollum v. Board of Education (1948) Zorach v. Clauson (1952) Engel v. Vitale (1962) Abington School District v. Schempp (1963) Epperson v. Arkansas (1968) Stone v. Graham (1980) Wallace v. Jaffree (1985) Edwards v. Aguillard (1987) Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens (1990) Lee v. Weisman (1992) Santa Fe Ind. School Dist. v. Doe (2000) Elk Grove Unif. School Dist. v. Newdow (2004) Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist. (2022)
Private religious speech	Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School Dist. (1993) Capitol Square Review & Advisory Board v. Pinette (1995) Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia (1995) Good News Club v. Milford Central School (2001) Shurtleff v. City of Boston (2022) Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist. (2022)
Internal church affairs	Watson v. Jones (1872) Gonzalez v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila (1929) United States v. Ballard (1944) Kedroff v. St. Nicholas Cathedral (1952) Kreshik v. St. Nicholas Cathedral (1960) Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church (1969) Serbian Eastern Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich (1976) Jones v. Wolf (1979) Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Juan v. Acevedo Feliciano (2020)
Taxpayer standing	Flast v. Cohen (1968) Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State (1982) Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation (2007) Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn (2011)
Blue laws	McGowan v. Maryland (1961) Two Guys from Harrison-Allentown, Inc. v. McGinley (1961) Braunfeld v. Brown (1961) Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc. (1985)
Other	Torcaso v. Watkins (1961) McDaniel v. Paty (1978) Harris v. McRae (1980) Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc. (1982) Larson v. Valente (1982) Bowen v. Kendrick (1988) Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization (1989) Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet (1994) Trump v. Hawaii (2018)

Free Exercise Clause

Reynolds v. United States (1879)
Davis v. Beason (1890)
Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940)
Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
Jamison v. Texas (1943)
Murdock v. Pennsylvania (1943)
United States v. Ballard (1944)
Tucker v. Texas (1946)
Niemotko v. Maryland (1951)
Kunz v. New York (1951)
Fowler v. Rhode Island (1953)
Braunfeld v. Brown (1961)
Gallagher v. Crown Kosher Super Market of Massachusetts, Inc. (1961)
Torcaso v. Watkins (1961)
Sherbert v. Verner (1963)
Cruz v. Beto (1972)
Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)
McDaniel v. Paty (1978)
Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. (1981)
Thomas v. Review Board (1981)
United States v. Lee (1982)
Bob Jones University v. United States (1983)
Bowen v. Roy (1986)
Goldman v. Weinberger (1986)
O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz (1987)
Frazee v. Illinois Department of Employment Security (1989)
Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization (1989)
Employment Division v. Smith (1990)
Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah (1993)
Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton (2002)
Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (2018)
Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo (2020)
Tandon v. Newsom (2021)
Fulton v. City of Philadelphia (2021)
Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist. (2022)

Exclusion of religion
from public benefits

Locke v. Davey (2004)
Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer (2017)
Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue (2020)
Carson v. Makin (2022)

Ministerial exception

NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago (1979)
Hosanna-Tabor v. EEOC (2012)
Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru (2020)

Statutory religious exemptions

RFRA	Gonzales v. O Centro Espírita Beneficente União do Vegetal (2006) Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. (2014) Zubik v. Burwell (2016) Little Sisters of the Poor Saints Peter and Paul Home v. Pennsylvania (2020) Tanzin v. Tanvir (2020)
RLUIPA	Sossamon v. Texas (2011) Holt v. Hobbs (2015) Ramirez v. Collier (2022)

Freedom of speech (portal)

Unprotected
speech

Incitement and sedition	Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten (S.D.N.Y. 1917) Schenck v. United States (1919) Debs v. United States (1919) Abrams v. United States (1919) Gitlow v. New York (1925) Whitney v. California (1927) Fiske v. Kansas (1927) Dennis v. United States (1951) Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Bd. (1955; 1961) Yates v. United States (1957, clear and present danger) Bond v. Floyd (1966) Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969, imminent lawless action) Hess v. Indiana (1973)
Libel and false speech	New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964) Hustler Magazine v. Falwell (1988) United States v. Alvarez (2012) Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus (2014)
Fighting words and the heckler's veto	Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940) Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942) Terminiello v. City of Chicago (1949) Feiner v. New York (1951) Gregory v. City of Chicago (1969) Cohen v. California (1971) Nat'l Socialist Party v. Village of Skokie (1977) R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul (1992) Snyder v. Phelps (2011)
True threats	Watts v. United States (1969) Virginia v. Black (2003) Elonis v. United States (2015) Counterman v. Colorado (2023)
Obscenity	Rosen v. United States (1896) United States v. One Book Called Ulysses (S.D.N.Y. 1933) Roth v. United States (1957) One, Inc. v. Olesen (1958) Smith v. California (1959) Marcus v. Search Warrant (1961) MANual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day (1962) Jacobellis v. Ohio (1964) Quantity of Books v. Kansas (1964) Ginzburg v. United States (1966) Memoirs v. Massachusetts (1966) Redrup v. New York (1967) Ginsberg v. New York (1968) Stanley v. Georgia (1969) United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs (1971) Kois v. Wisconsin (1972) Miller v. California (1973) Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton (1973) United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film (1973) Jenkins v. Georgia (1974) Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. v. Conrad (1975) Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville (1975) Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc. (1976) Vance v. Universal Amusement Co., Inc. (1980) American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut (7th Cir. 1985) People v. Freeman (Cal. 1988) United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc. (1994) Reno v. ACLU (1997) United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc. (2000) City of Los Angeles v. Alameda Books, Inc. (2002) Ashcroft v. ACLU I (2002) United States v. American Library Ass'n (2003) Ashcroft v. ACLU II (2004) Nitke v. Gonzales (S.D.N.Y. 2005) United States v. Williams (2008) American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland (6th Cir. 2009) United States v. Kilbride (9th Cir. 2009) United States v. Stevens (2010) Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n (2011) FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc. (2012)
Speech integral to criminal conduct	New York v. Ferber (1982) Osborne v. Ohio (1990) Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition (2002) United States v. Hansen (2023)

Strict scrutiny

Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project (2010)
Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar (2015)

Vagueness

Smith v. Goguen (1974)
Board of Airport Commissioners v. Jews for Jesus (1987)
Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky (2018)

Symbolic speech
versus conduct

Stromberg v. California (1931)
United States v. O'Brien (1968)
Cohen v. California (1971)
Spence v. Washington (1974)
Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence (1984)
Dallas v. Stanglin (1989)
Texas v. Johnson (1989)
United States v. Eichman (1990)
Barnes v. Glen Theatre (1991)
City of Erie v. Pap's A. M. (2000)
Virginia v. Black (2003)

Content-based
restrictions

Lamont v. Postmaster General (1965)
Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego (1981)
Boos v. Barry (1988)
Butterworth v. Smith (1990)
Simon & Schuster, Inc. v. Crime Victims Board (1991)
R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul (1992)
Reed v. Town of Gilbert (2015)
Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants (2020)
City of Austin v. Reagan National Advertising of Austin, LLC (2022)

Content-neutral
restrictions

Schneider v. New Jersey (1939)
Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc. (1986)
City of Ladue v. Gilleo (1994)
Packingham v. North Carolina (2017)

In the public forum	Davis v. Massachusetts (1897) Hague v. CIO (1939) Thornhill v. Alabama (1940) Martin v. City of Struthers (1943) Niemotko v. Maryland (1951) Edwards v. South Carolina (1963) Cox v. Louisiana (1965) Brown v. Louisiana (1966) Adderley v. Florida (1966) Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne (1968) Coates v. City of Cincinnati (1971) Org. for a Better Austin v. Keefe (1971) USPS v. Council of Greenburgh Civic Assns. (1981) United States v. Grace (1983) Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence (1984) Frisby v. Schultz (1988) Ward v. Rock Against Racism (1989) Burson v. Freeman (1992) Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc. (1994) Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York (1997) Hill v. Colorado (2000) McCullen v. Coakley (2014)
Designated public forum	Widmar v. Vincent (1981) Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia (1995) Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski (2021)
Nonpublic forum	Lehman v. Shaker Heights (1974) Brown v. Glines (1980) Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators' Association (1983) Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense Fund (1985) International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. v. Lee (1992) Arkansas Educational Television Commission v. Forbes (1997) Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky (2018)

Compelled speech

Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
West Virginia State Board of Ed. v. Barnette (1943)
Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo (1974)
Wooley v. Maynard (1977)
Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins (1980)
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California (1986)
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston (1995)
Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic & Institutional Rights, Inc. (2006)
National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra (2018)
303 Creative LLC v. Elenis (2023)
Moody v. NetChoice, LLC (2024)

Compelled subsidy
of others' speech

Ry. Emps. Department v. Hanson (1956)
Machinists v. Street (1961)
Abood v. Detroit Board of Education (1977)
Ellis v. Railway Clerks (1984)
Chicago Local Teachers Union v. Hudson (1986)
Communications Workers of America v. Beck (1988)
Keller v. State Bar of California (1990)
Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Ass'n (1991)
Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc. (1997)
Board of Regents of the Univ. of Wisconsin System v. Southworth (2000)
United States v. United Foods Inc. (2001)
Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n (2005)
Davenport v. Washington Education Ass'n (2007)
Locke v. Karass (2008)
Ysursa v. Pocatello Education Association (2009)
Knox v. SEIU, Local 1000 (2012)
Harris v. Quinn (2014)
Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association (2016)
Janus v. AFSCME (2018)

Compelled representation	Steele v. Louisville & N.R. Co (1944) Minnesota Board for Community Colleges v. Knight (1984)

Government grants
and subsidies

Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington (1983)
Rust v. Sullivan (1991)
National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley (1998)
Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez (2001)
USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International I (2013)
USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International II (2020)

Government
as speaker

Pleasant Grove City v. Summum (2009)
Walker v. Texas Div., Sons of Confederate Veterans (2015)
Matal v. Tam (2017)
Iancu v. Brunetti (2019)
Houston Community College System v. Wilson (2022)
Shurtleff v. City of Boston (2022)
Vidal v. Elster (2024)

Loyalty oaths

American Communications Ass'n v. Douds (1950)
Garner v. Board of Public Works (1951)
Speiser v. Randall (1958)
Keyishian v. Board of Regents (1967)
Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb (1974)

School speech

Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)
Tinker v. Des Moines Ind. Community School Dist. (1969, substantial disruption)
Healy v. James (1972)
Island Trees School District v. Pico (1982)
Bethel School District v. Fraser (1986)
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988)
Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens (1990)
Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia (1995)
Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. (2001)
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy (2007)
Morse v. Frederick (2007)
Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski (2021)
Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L. (2021)

Public employees

Pickering v. Board of Education (1968)
Perry v. Sindermann (1972)
Arnett v. Kennedy (1974)
Elrod v. Burns (1976)
Mt. Healthy City School Dist. Board of Ed. v. Doyle (1977)
Givhan v. Western Line Consol. School Dist. (1979)
Smith v. Arkansas State Hwy. Employees Local (1979)
Connick v. Myers (1983)
Rankin v. McPherson (1987)
Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois (1990)
Waters v. Churchill (1994)
Board of Comm'rs, Wabaunsee Cty. v. Umbehr (1996)
Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. (2001)
Garcetti v. Ceballos (2006)
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy (2007)
Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri (2011)
Lane v. Franks (2014)
Heffernan v. City of Paterson (2016)
Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist. (2022)

Hatch Act and
similar laws

Ex parte Curtis (1882)
United Public Workers v. Mitchell (1947)
U.S. Civil Service Comm'n v. National Ass'n of Letter Carriers (1973)
Broadrick v. Oklahoma (1973)

Licensing and
restriction of speech

Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Comm'n of Ohio (1915)
Cox v. New Hampshire (1941)
Murdock v. Pennsylvania (1943)
Kunz v. New York (1951)
Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson (1952)
Kingsley Books, Inc. v. Brown (1957)
NAACP v. Button (1963)
Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia Bar (1964)
Freedman v. Maryland (1965)
Mine Workers v. Illinois Bar Assn. (1967)
Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. (1981)
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc. (1982)
Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind (1988)
Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement (1992)

Commercial speech

Valentine v. Chrestensen (1942)
Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept. (1970)
Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Comm'n on Human Relations (1973)
Lehman v. Shaker Heights (1974)
Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar (1975)
Bigelow v. Virginia (1975)
Virginia State Pharmacy Bd. v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council (1976)
Linmark Assoc., Inc. v. Township of Willingboro (1977)
Carey v. Population Services International (1977)
Bates v. State Bar of Arizona (1977)
In re Primus (1978)
Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association (1978)
Friedman v. Rogers (1979)
Consol. Edison Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n (1980)
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission (1980)
Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego (1981)
In re R.M.J. (1982)
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc. (1982)
Zauderer v. Off. of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio (1985)
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California (1986)
Posadas de Puerto Rico Assoc. v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico (1986)
San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. U.S. Olympic Committee (1987)
Shapero v. Kentucky Bar Association (1988)
Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind (1988)
State University of New York v. Fox (1989)
Peel v. Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission of Illinois (1990)
City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network (1993)
Edenfield v. Fane (1993)
United States v. Edge Broadcasting Co. (1993)
Ibanez v. Florida Dept. of Business and Professional Regulation, Bd. of Accountancy (1994)
Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp. (1995)
Rubin v. Coors Brewing Co. (1995)
Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc. (1995)
44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island (1996)
Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc. (1997)
Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Assn., Inc. v. United States (1999)
Los Angeles Police Department v. United Reporting Publishing Co. (1999)
United States v. United Foods Inc. (2001)
Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly (2001)
Thompson v. Western States Medical Center (2002)
Nike, Inc. v. Kasky (2003)
Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n (2005)
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy (2007)
Milavetz, Gallop & Milavetz, P.A. v. United States (2010)
Jerman v. Carlisle, McNellie, Rini, Kramer & Ulrich LPA (2010)
Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc. (2011)
Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman (2017)
Matal v. Tam (2017)
Iancu v. Brunetti (2019)
Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants (2020)
Vidal v. Elster (2024)

Campaign finance
and political speech

Buckley v. Valeo (1976)
First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti (1978)
California Medical Association v. FEC (1981)
Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley (1981)
FEC v. National Right to Work Committee (1982)
FEC v. National Conservative PAC (1985)
FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life (1986)
Eu v. S.F. Cty. Democratic Cent. Comm. (1989)
Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce (1990)
Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC (1996)
Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC (2000)
FEC v. Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee (2001)
Republican Party of Minnesota v. White (2002)
FEC v. Beaumont (2003)
McConnell v. FEC (2003)
Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. v. FEC (2006)
Randall v. Sorrell (2006)
FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. (2007)
Davis v. FEC (2008)
Citizens United v. FEC (2010)
Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan (2011)
Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett (2011)
American Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Bullock (2012)
McCutcheon v. FEC (2014)
Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar (2015)
Thompson v. Hebdon (2019)
FEC v. Ted Cruz for Senate (2022)

Anonymous speech

NAACP v. Alabama (1958)
Bates v. City of Little Rock (1960)
Buckley v. Valeo (1976)
Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee (1982)
McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm'n (1995)
Doe v. Reed (2010)
Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta (2021)

State action

Marsh v. Alabama (1946)
Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner (1972)
Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck (2019)
Lindke v. Freed (2024)
Murthy v. Missouri (2024)

Official retaliation

Hartman v. Moore (2006)
Reichle v. Howards (2012)
Wood v. Moss (2014)
Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach (2018)
Nieves v. Bartlett (2019)
Egbert v. Boule (2022)
Gonzalez v. Trevino (2024)
National Rifle Association of America v. Vullo (2024)

Boycotts

NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co. (1982)
FTC v. Superior Ct. TLA (1990)

Prisons

Procunier v. Martinez (1974)
Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Union (1977)
Turner v. Safley (1987)
Shaw v. Murphy (2001)
Overton v. Bazzetta (2003)
Beard v. Banks (2006)

Freedom of the press

Prior restraints and censorship	Patterson v. Colorado (1907) Near v. Minnesota (1931) Lovell v. City of Griffin (1938) Tucker v. Texas (1946) Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc. (1946) Lamont v. Postmaster General (1965) New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) Pell v. Procunier (1974) Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart (1976) Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia (1978) Lowe v. SEC (1985) Tory v. Cochran (2005)
Privacy	Time, Inc. v. Hill (1967) Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn (1975) Florida Star v. B. J. F. (1989)
Taxation and privileges	Grosjean v. American Press Co. (1936) Branzburg v. Hayes (1972) Houchins v. KQED, Inc. (1978) Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner (1983) Arkansas Writers' Project v. Ragland (1987) Cohen v. Cowles Media Co. (1991)
Defamation	Beauharnais v. Illinois (1952) New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964) Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts (1967) Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler (1970) Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. (1974) Time, Inc. v. Firestone (1976) Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc. (1984) Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc. (1985) McDonald v. Smith (1985) Hustler Magazine v. Falwell (1988) Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton (1989) Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. (1990) Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox (9th Cir. 2014)
Broadcast media	Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC (1969) FCC v. Pacifica Foundation (1978) FCC v. WNCN Listeners Guild (1981) Denver Area Ed. Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. FCC (1996) Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC (1997) Bartnicki v. Vopper (2001)
Copyrighted materials	Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co. (1977) Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises (1985) Eldred v. Ashcroft (2003)

Freedom of assembly

Incorporation	United States v. Cruikshank (1876) Presser v. Illinois (1886)
Protection from prosecution and state restrictions	De Jonge v. Oregon (1937) Thomas v. Collins (1945) Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta (2021)

Freedom of association

Organizations	Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath (1951) Watkins v. United States (1957) NAACP v. Alabama (1958) Bates v. City of Little Rock (1960) NAACP v. Button (1963) Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta (2021)
Future Conduct	Baggett v. Bullitt (1964)
Solicitation	In re Primus (1978)
Membership restriction	Hishon v. King & Spalding (1984) Roberts v. United States Jaycees (1984) Rotary Int'l v. Rotary Club of Duarte (1987) New York Club Ass'n v. City of New York (1988) Dallas v. Stanglin (1989) Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston (1995) Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000) Christian Legal Society v. Martinez (2010)
Primaries and elections	Cousins v. Wigoda (1975) Democratic Party v. Wisconsin (1981) Tashjian v. Republican Party (1986) Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party (1997) California Democratic Party v. Jones (2000) Clingman v. Beaver (2005) New York State Board of Elections v. Lopez Torres (2008) Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party (2008)

Freedom to petition
United States v. Cruikshank (1876) Thomas v. Collins (1945) Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc. (1961) NAACP v. Button (1963) Edwards v. South Carolina (1963) United Mine Workers v. Pennington (1965) Cox v. Louisiana (1965) California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited (1972) Smith v. Arkansas State Highway Employees (1979) McDonald v. Smith (1985) Meyer v. Grant (1988) Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation (1999) BE and K Construction Co. v. National Labor Relations Board (2002) Doe v. Reed (2010) Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri (2011)

Freedom to petition